LL-37 is an anti-microbial peptide. It has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against multiple Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have the potential to serve as an alternative to antibiotics. It's simple, AMPs kill the microbial pathogens (the bugs). AMPs can possibly regulate bacteriirus invasion and may control infection. It has been reported that AMPs could be used to activate response the innate mucosal immune response in order to get rid of the infections. (Mucosal referers to the immune response at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract and the respiratory system, i.e., surfaces that are in contact with the external environment). LL37 belongs to the cathelicidin family of AMPs. It is released as a mature peptide when neutrophils (type of white blood cells) are stimulated. LL37 is expressed in various cells and tissues such as circulating neutrophils, bone marrow cells, epithelial cells of the skin, cells in the gastrointes tinal tract, as well as in the epididymis and lungs.Production of LL37 in macrophages is stimulated by vitamin D released by sunlight through the skin. LL37 plays an important role in the first line of defense against infection and systemic invasion of pathogens at site inflammation and wounds. It is toxic to both bacterial and normal cells and is very resistant to proteolytic degradation. Staphylococcus aureus, (staph for short), is one of the largest problems facing modern medicine, particularly since it has become resistant to a number of antibiotics. Research with LL37 shows that it is effective again against staph at nanomolar concentrations. It kills the bacteria both when it invades cells and when it is free, and is more effective than conventional antibiotics. These features make LL37 of particularmedical interest to the al field and it is hoped that the peptide will be useful in treating chronic infections, such as those who have diabetes or immune system dysfunction. It has also b een effective in treating Candida albicans and E. coli.Several studies show that LL37 is effective in treating certain cancer cell types. LL37 inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation by the activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.However, overexpression of LL-37 was found to promote development and progression of ovarian, lung and breast cancers.
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